Nokia v Oppo in the Court of Appeal – the ‘FRAND elephant’ in the room (and coming soon to a court near you…)

12.07.2022

The Court of Appeal confirmed on 11 July 2022 the first instance judgment of HHJ Hacon in Nokia v Oppo [2021] EWHC 2952 (Pat).  As reported on our FRAND tracker (which monitors UK FRAND developments), this judgment allowed Nokia’s UK claim of SEP infringement to proceed even though Oppo had commenced concurrent proceedings in Chongqing in the People’s Republic of China, a jurisdiction which has now been confirmed to be willing and able to conduct global FRAND determinations.

Following the judgment of the UKSC in the joined cases of Unwired Planet and Conversant, it was always inevitable that other courts around the world would accept that they have jurisdiction to determine FRAND terms on a global basis (not least because they could apply the same contractual logic).  It was also inevitable that this would give rise to frictions – Lord Justice Arnold, giving the leading judgment for the Court of Appeal, recognised the existence of multiple jurisdictions which will carry out global FRAND determinations created the conditions for a rush to establish jurisdiction in the most favourable court, the use of anti-suit and anti-anti-suit injunctions and the risk of inconsistent FRAND rulings. However, these problems are not issues that a single court can resolve – all it can do is deal with cases according to its own rules. A theme of the judgment is that, by contrast, a supra-national determination mechanism such as arbitration avoids a great many of these concerns.

Oppo raised two main points on its appeal:

  • First, should the English Court decline to exercise jurisdiction over the claim in circumstances where the Chongqing court is also seised on the basis that England was not a convenient forum for the dispute? Counsel for Oppo argued that defining the claim by reference to the UK patent infringement issues was akin to examining the tail of an elephant while ignoring its body, being the dispute between the parties as to the terms of a global licence.
  • Secondly, if the Court should accept jurisdiction, should it nevertheless stay the FRAND determination on case management grounds pending the outcome in Chongqing?

On the jurisdictional point, the Court agreed with the characterisation of the claim as one relating to UK SEP infringement, in line with the position affirmed by the UKSC in Unwired Planet and Conversant. The differences here – the avowed willingness of China to determine global FRAND rates and the willingness of the defendants to take a global licence (albeit determined by the Chongqing Court) – were insufficient to change the Court’s approach. The Judge did not accept that the dispute was purely related to the terms of a global licence – if that were so, there would be no need for patent trials or a trial on whether Oppo can rely on Nokia’s FRAND obligation without giving an undertaking to the English Court to take the licence on terms determined to be FRAND. As the case does relate to UK patents and not only to FRAND, it was unnecessary to consider whether Chongqing is an alternative forum for the FRAND aspect of the claim, but the Court went on to do so anyway, finding that it was indeed an alternative forum.  However, that was not sufficient to dislodge England as also being an appropriate forum – the emphasis here reflecting the Court’s view that “the dispute over the terms of the licence could be determined by any competent national court or by a supranational arbitral tribunal… It has no real connection with any territory”. In those circumstances, none of the factors relied upon by the parties (whether those were the tiny fraction of Oppo’s sales in the UK or the fact that the China claim would not, as currently constituted, address the cross-licence value from Oppo to Nokia) point in any particular direction, and show no reason to favour one forum over the other.

The second, case management, point was quickly dismissed. Judges’ case management decisions are given a high degree of deference, and Arnold LJ was not persuaded that any of the grounds raised by Oppo were sufficient to delay the UK proceedings.  Indeed, he went further than HHJ Hacon and emphasised that questions around delay or inefficiency were matters that the Oppo companies could control themselves: “if [they] really wanted an expeditious determination of the terms of a FRAND licence and to save a lot of money on legal costs, they could have achieved this by dispensing with their invalidity and non-essentiality challenges in this jurisdiction. That would have enabled directions to be given for a trial of the FRAND issues as soon as proceedings were commenced”.

While the ultimate outcome of the case is that the English Courts consider that there is no particular “natural” forum for a FRAND dispute, it remains clear that where UK SEPs are in issue, England remains an available forum for resolving the overall dispute between the parties, regardless of what other proceedings are on foot.

And the sequel… Related issues are likely to feature in the forthcoming judgment of Mellor J in InterDigital v Lenovo – watch this space!

Nokia Technologies Oy and others v OnePlus Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd and others [2022] EWCA Civ 947